The European Council on Foreign Relations

An ugly face of Europe

By Jose Ignacio Torreblanca - 27 May 08

This article was originally published in Spanish in El PAIS on 26-05-2008

The Europe which lingers in the air these days over the charred remains of the gypsy camps on the outskirts of Naples is an ugly Europe, one in flagrant contradiction to the principles and values which supposedly unite us and which have taken shape in the Treaty of Lisbon which we are preparing to ratify and implement. The first symptoms of economic slowdown is all it has taken for the same Europe which never misses an opportunity to proclaim its values around the world, which constantly moralises, preaching democracy and human rights wherever it goes, and even threatens to impose humanitarian aid on endangered populations thousands of miles away by force, to quickly bolt the doors of its borders, refusing to reduce and even increasing detention periods for irregular immigrants, modifying laws to make immigration a punishable crime, or increasingly calling for the suspension of the free movement of people, a cornerstone of the common European home. 

That being said, the causes of this xenophobia should be not sought so much in the economic slowdown as in a moral crisis manufactured by populist leaders who have turned immigration into the flagship of a political discourse devoid of real solutions to people's problems. As a majority of European governments lurch to the centre right, with political parties hypnotized by immigration's electoral impact, and with a political agenda obsessively centered on security, the prospective common immigration policy beyond that of mere policing with which it seemed Europe was finally going to endow itself, has also largely gone up in smoke. In contrast to a very necessary immigration policy which emphasizes solidarity and integration in Europe on the one hand, and cooperation with countries of transit and origin on the other, we are faced with a policy which is increasingly committed to arresting, identifying and deporting those who arrive on our shores, and of criminalising and persecuting those already amongst us. 

Making immigration a punishable crime, raising detention periods and prohibiting re-admission into a country for five years, which is what Italy aims to do, not only amounts to unjustly criminalising and locking away vulnerable people, in many cases with minors in their care, but indeed lays the groundwork for the controlled demolition of European asylum policies, so crucial to the well being of people who have fled countries where human rights are systematically abused. Yet another example of the bluntness of the populism which has swept Italy recently is the ignorance that the gypsies of Rumanian origin are EU citizens, which thankfully rules out their detention or any re-admission restrictions, measures which have been contemplated against them.  

In defense of European institutions, it is worth making the point that the directive which led to the controversy of the last few days, dating back to 2005, was not meant to facilitate deportations, legislation already being in force which allows for rapid expulsions on security grounds, which is to say, for those who have committed criminal offenses, but instead was aimed at harmonising policies of return, equipping them with more safeguards and, in short, making them more efficient and transparent. It is also only fair to point out that xenophobia and racism are latent or openly on display in all member states, not just in Italy.

To go no further than Spain, incidents in El Ejido a few years ago showed us in all their harshness what happens when the state buries its head in the sand regarding immigration and integration obligations. But Spain, which has learned from its mistakes and has put intelligent immigration policies into place, finds itself more and more isolated in the European context. The Spanish government, which requires European policies that will deepen and complement those adopted at home, is swimming against the tide.

Europe likes to boast about its soft power, that appeal which a particular social model and life style exercises on other societies, leading to an enhanced legitimacy and greater acceptance of its policies. But this ugly, introverted and xenophobic Europe can hardly hope to play a positive role in the world, much less be a beacon of progress or inspiration for anybody else.

Translated for ECFR by Douglas Wilson

 La Europa más fea

La Europa que humea estos días en los rescoldos de los campamentos gitanos de Ponticelli, en las afueras de Nápoles, es una Europa fea, en abierta contradicción con los principios y valores que supuestamente nos unen y que hemos plasmado en el Tratado de Lisboa que todos nos aprestamos a ratificar y poner en marcha. Han bastado los primeros síntomas de crisis económica para que esta Europa, que no pierde ocasión de proclamar sus valores por el mundo, que constantemente imparte lecciones de moralidad, democracia y derechos humanos por doquier, e incluso amenaza con imponer por la fuerza la ayuda humanitaria a poblaciones en peligro a miles de kilómetros de distancia, corra rauda a echar el cerrojo en sus fronteras, negándose a reducir, o incluso ampliando, los períodos de detención de los inmigrantes irregulares, modificando los códigos penales para criminalizar la inmigración o llamando con cada vez más frecuencia a suspender los acuerdos de libre circulación de personas, clave de bóveda de la construcción europea.

Con todo, las causas de la xenofobia no deben buscarse en la crisis económica, sino en una crisis moral manufacturada por políticos populistas, que han hecho de la inmigración el buque insignia de un discurso político vacío de ideas sobre cómo resolver los problemas reales de los ciudadanos. Así, con una mayoría de Gobiernos europeos volcados hacia el centro-derecha, con partidos políticos hipnotizados por la conexión electoral de la inmigración y con una agenda política obsesivamente centrada en la seguridad, se difuminan en gran parte las perspectivas de que Europa se dote de una política de inmigración común que vaya más allá del mero ámbito policial. Frente a una muy necesaria política de inmigración, que enfatice, a este lado, la solidaridad y la integración, y del otro lado, la cooperación con los países emisores, nos encontramos con una política cada vez más volcada en el proceso de detención, identificación y deportación de los que llegan, y de criminalización y persecución de los que ya están entre nosotros.

Convertir la inmigración en un delito, elevar los periodos de detención y prohibir la entrada en el país durante un período de cinco años, como se pretende hacer en Italia, no sólo supone criminalizar y recluir injustamente a poblaciones vulnerables, en muchos casos con menores a su cargo, sino sentar las bases para una demolición controlada de las políticas europeas de asilo, cruciales para la seguridad de las personas provenientes de países donde se violan sistemáticamente los derechos humanos. Además, en una muestra más de la ineficacia del populismo que campa estos días en Italia, se ignora que los gitanos de origen rumano son, afortunadamente, ciudadanos comunitarios, lo que excluye que les puedan ser aplicadas medidas de detención o prohibición de retorno como las que se plantean.

En defensa de las instituciones europeas cabe argumentar que el objeto de la directiva que ha suscitado la polémica estos días, que data del año 2005, no era facilitar las expulsiones, puesto que la legislación vigente ya contempla las expulsiones rápidas por motivos de seguridad pública, es decir, para quienes hayan cometido delitos, sino armonizar las políticas de retorno, dotarlas de mayores garantías y, en definitiva, hacerlas más transparentes y eficaces. También en justicia, hay que decir que la xenofobia y el racismo están latentes, o manifiestos, en todos los Estados miembros, no sólo en Italia.

En España, sin ir más lejos, los incidentes de El Ejido mostraron hace unos años con toda crudeza lo que ocurre cuando el Estado se desentiende de sus obligaciones en política de inmigración e integración. Pero España, que ha aprendido de los errores y ha puesto en marcha unas políticas de inmigración inteligentes, se encuentra ahora cada vez más sola en el contexto europeo. El Gobierno español, que necesita políticas europeas que profundicen y complementen las políticas aquí adoptadas, rema contra corriente.

Europa gusta de presumir de poder blando, aquél basado en la atracción que un determinado modelo social y de vida ejerce sobre otras sociedades, lo que lleva a una mayor legitimidad y aceptación de sus políticas. Pero esta Europa fea, cerrada y xenófoba difícilmente puede desempeñar un papel positivo en el mundo ni ser un factor de progreso e inspiración para nadie.

 


Comments for this entry are closed.

#1

This article once again underpins what is one of the major problems we have to cope with in our times. Fear it is that leads to many social problems. If people wouldn’t fear immigrants and more politicians would be as courageous as to tell that immigrants are needed, a huge step forward would be taken.
Many seem to live in trembling uncertainty of their future and try to go back to old structures, on the one hand being aware of the new situation on the other hand not knowing what the new situation is about.
Reading different international media it seems to me as if people are going mad and are wondering about aimlessly not wanting to rearrange their old thoughts and prejudices.
Opening Europe in an intelligent and well thought-out way by immigrating those coming to us could unleash powers at the moment used to worry and think about wrong ways…

Bernd Männel | Santiago de Compostela, Spain | 27 May 08, 27 May 08 EST
#2

“one in flagrant contradiction to the principles and values which supposedly unite”

Mr Torreblanca - in your previous work on necessity of Spanish recognition of unilateral Kosovo independence (http://www.ecfr.eu/content/entry/commentary_spanish_government_must_recognise_kosovo)- I was persistently refering to the principles and values which were openly broken.

Your answer was:
“Discussing whether Kosovo’s independence is legal or illegal is a dead-end alley. The question is whether it is justified or not”

Mr Torreblanca, as a political analyst - you should be aware that when the interaction departes from the realm of principles and became dependent on justification - than you can kiss goodbye any objectivity, since question popps out: who should decide on what is justified and what is not.
In this specific case, and poor destiny of Roma aside - that answer is: Italy. And that is exactly what they are doing.

Therefore, my critics is directed to your judgement that sometimes you evaluate certain political action based upon the principles and sometimes on their justification (disregarding the principles).

In terms of methodology - that is, popularly called - double standards.

Rgds

Gordon Blair | London DC | 27 May 08, 27 May 08 EST
#3

“That being said, the causes of this xenophobia should be not sought so much in the economic slowdown”

That is correct, but economic slowdown puts the xenophobia on the top of the political and social agenda (and once is there, be sure that few politicans would resist to utilize it).

Your Balkan experts (and honestly, while reading their works here - haven’t been impressed) could easily note a similarity with the break up of Yugoslavia, where the 50 years long “brotherhood and unity among the nations” has been rapidly replaced with the horrifying hate. Economic slowdown just revealed the deep rooted problems and prompt their expansion…

Same here - it would be very foolish to assume that EUropeans understand and respect different cultures which have flooded the continent in last decays. But EU social and political practice, combined with the liberal heritage - made it possible for them to co-exist.
How ever - denying the differences, misunderstandings and incompatibility - would turn out to be very wrong move - since it would re-appear sooner or later…

Questions which must be posed are: what to domicile population expect from “newcomers” and vice versa. Sincerity of these answers would dictate the dynamics of recovery…

Slowpoke Rodriguez | The Republic of Zabjelo | 27 May 08, 27 May 08 EST
#4

I fully agree with this article.

Those standing against xenophobia need, however, to make their case better, both in terms of quality and quantity. Too often is xenophobia brushed aside without adequate reasons given.

We need to point out that cultures develop to a large extent by learning from others. Italy apparently learnt much of its food culture from the Chinese, and renaissance science built on results from Arabic science. The open and curious attitude demonstrated in those examples is crucial for the further development of civilisation.

Furthermore racism and xenophobia is a self-fulfilling prophecy. If immigrants feel resented they are likely to become resentful too. A vicious cycle ensues. The far right parties are therefore making certain problems that they highlight (and profit from) worse. Those on the opposite spectrum on xenophobia need to produce constructive solutions as a clear alternative.

Finally, let me point out a moral conundrum for Europe that is rarely mentioned. Most Europeans would say they are against class-societies. Yet this is precisely what closed borders of rich countries yields. If you are born on one side you are set for a good life, if not, tough luck…

Oscar Dahlsten | Zurich | 02 Jun 08, 02 Jun 08 EST
#5

I agree wirh Oscar Dahlstern on the fact that, as a matter of principle, privileges based on nationality are not better than privileges based on any other happenstances of birth, like class or race. On the other hand, it won’t be possible to ban xenophobic resentments in Europe just because they are morally unjustified. You cannot prohibit stupidity nor fear; and it is always difficult for democratically elected politicians to avoid this kind of populism (at the best, we may expect them not to shir it up): The key factor of political participation in a democratic society, the voting right, is precisely one of these priveleges reserved to national citizens.

Therefor, I consider alien suffrage a central point in order to avoid populistic policies like the ones taking place now. The EU has been, in certain aspects, a frontrunner in that question (just think of the EU citzens voting right in regional elections, which for the first time broke the nation-state monopoly); however, until now rarely attempts have been made to introduce voting rights also for non-EU citizens in European countries. (There has been a remarkable initiative in Spain some two years ago, but disgracefully the PSOE government dropped its plans far too early.)

It is clear that such a measure would also represent an incentive for more immigration (legal immigration, that is). However, it would certainly help to integrate immigrants in our societies, to avoid certain populistic temptations, and probably to reduce resentments on both the immigrants’ and the “native Europeans’” side.

(On the other hand, the most efficent measure to reduce irregular immigration naturally will be to make it unnecessary, by a more coherent and effective development policy, especially in our immediate neighbour countries. But that is old hat.)

Boccanegra | Berlin | 05 Jun 08, 05 Jun 08 EST
#6

I fully agree. EU Foreign Policy starts at home. We can only promote the values, which we like to refer to as European, if we stick to them ourselves, and this consistently. Putin has announced that he will set up an institute which will monitor human rights and democracy in the West. This is surely an interesting turn engineered by Moscow’s political technologists. But they can only do this as long as Europe and the US continue to provide examples of double standards. We should live according to our European values, for our own sake, but also in order to be a credible promoter of these values in the world.

Andre Wilkens | 06 Jun 08, 06 Jun 08 EST
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